Journal #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal #4 - Essay Example The functions enumerated by the author are: creating an identity, organization of time and management of feelings (Frith). Based such sociological approach, Frith concludes that value and preferences of pop music both derive from social identities and contribute their development. This gives reasons to consider popular music and the notion of its aesthetic tightly connected with social environment it evolves in. 2. Unlike the previous article, this article â€Å"Music and Morality† written by Roger Scruton, a professor of moral philosophy, raises awareness of non-critical nature of our modern culture in terms of music, relying on Plato’s perspective of music and society (the property of music to evoke and foster both moral virtues and moral vices instead of being neutral). Keeping in mind moral effect music can produce, Scruton stresses musical, i.e. rhythmic and instrumental aspect of music, distancing himself from vocal and lyrics. The key concern of the article is drawn through description of previous ‘sociable’ patterns of dancing to the music with others and the modern way of dancing at others imposed by the contemporary nature of beat and rhythm pulsations created in music. Submitting to the rhythms completely deprives one of critical evaluation of moral properties held by music, while listening to the music critically is stated to enable identifying moral i mplications of musical pieces. 3. Venise Berry in the article â€Å"Redeeming Rap Music Experience† explains the peculiar nature of rap music, viewing it from the perspective of urban experience of the black community and realia it comes across. Asserting rap to be the original means of cultural communication and proclamation of racial identity for black people in American society and drawing the line between assimilated pop-crossover rap and ‘raw’ cultural

The Consumer Decision Process Essay Example for Free

The Consumer Decision Process Essay 1.Explain the actions and considerations that relate to five stages of the consumer purchase decision process? The action and considerations that related to the five stages of the consumer purchase decision process are (a) Problem Recognition: This is frequently distinguished as the first and most vital advance in the clients choice procedure. A buy cant occur without the acknowledgment of the need. (b) Information search: Having perceived an issue or need, the subsequent stage a client may take is the data look arrange, keeping in mind the end goal to discover what they feel is the best arrangement. This is the purchasers push to look inside and outside business conditions, to recognize and assess data sources identified with the focal purchasing choice. (c) Evaluation of alternatives: As you may expect, people will assess diverse items or brands at this phase on the premise of option item properties – those which can convey the advantages the client is looking for. A factor that vigorously impacts this stage is the clients state of mind. (d) Purchase Decision: The penultimate stage is the place the buy happens. The two components: negative criticism from different clients and the level of inspiration to acknowledge the input. (e) Post-purchase behavior: In brief, clients will contrast items and their past desires and will be either fulfilled or disappointed. In this manner, these stages are basic in holding clients. 2.You will be graduating soon and have been offered what you offered what you consider the job of your dreams. The new position, however, requires some traveling so you will need a car. You currently do not have one. What decision process will you go through to purchase an automobile? Consumer purchase decision process 3.What are the five stages of the organizational buying process? Describe at least three differences from the consumer buying process. (a) Awareness, (b) Specification, (c) Proposals, (d) Evaluation, (e) Order: the three differences between organizational buying process and consumer buying process are (a)Planning: Most buys made by a business are arranged ahead of time, where similar buys may be spur of the moment purchases for a buyer. For instance, a business will design a worker lunch, pick the menu ahead of time and have the request set up to be provided food on a specific day. (b) Decision-making: As a rule, the buyer leader is the individual that at last purchases the item. For instance, the mother of a family may choose to purchase another sandbox for the kids, so she is either the one that goes out to make the buy or is close by with the father to settle on the last decision. (c) Support: Numerous organizations need help contracts when buying certain sorts of things. For instance, if a business buys a copier then the copier may need no less than a three-year guarantee on the item before the organization can finish the buy. 4.Global marketing is affected by economic considerations. Identify the three-step that should be performed when scanning the global marketplace. A sweep of the worldwide commercial center ought to incorporate (1) an appraisal of the monetary foundation in various nations, (2) estimation of buyer salary in various nations, and (3) acknowledgment of a nations cash trade rates. 5.Marketing information consists of secondary and primary data. Define each of these types of marketing information. Give examples of secondary and primary data. Primary data: is valuable data that you uncover and gather yourself through unique research. Expansive organizations ordinarily spend a lot of cash to direct this exploration, procuring claim to fame look into firms or advertising offices. Studies are well known unique research apparatuses and there are a few sorts: phone, mail, Internet and in-person are a few illustrations. Online review instruments give entrepreneurs a reasonable alternative, as long as you comprehend the impediments. Example: researching the internet, newspaper articles and company reports. Secondary Data: is data that another person has just led, however, the outcomes are accessible for others to utilize. A typical case of auxiliary information will be data gathered from the administration statistics. As an entrepreneur, exploit accessible auxiliary data; its more affordable as far as both cash and time, and its measurably solid as long as it isnt excessively old and is from a dependable source, for example, an administration office or significant college. Example: research reports, government reports, censuses, weather reports, interviews, the Internet, reference books, organizational reports and accounting documents. 6.Define product positioning. What are two approaches to product positioning? Give an example of each approach. Product positioning is the process marketers use to determine how to best communicate their products attributes to their target customers based on customer needs, competitive pressures, available communication channels and carefully crafted key messages. Example of product positioning: (a) Head-to-head Positioning; Here and there an item needs to contend specifically with focused brands for a similar target shopper. Normally this is on account of the items are comparable in qualities and benefits, and a great many people need basically similar things. For instance, a pizza eatery may contend no holds barred by touting the freshness of its fixings or the estimation of its cost. It would not bode well for the pizzeria to offer Chinese nourishment in an offer to bait an alternate demographic. (b) Differentiation Positioning; Separation situating is the quest for these new purchasers by presenting highlights or capacities unmistakable from a rivalry. For instance, some fast food advertis ers separate their menus by offering low-fat choices. Shoreline lodgings endeavor to draw in business explorers by including gathering focuses and official administrations. In the event that an organization offers a few brands of one item like oat or cleanser, it might utilize separation situating just to guarantee that its own particular offerings dont contend with each other. 7.Describe the decline stage of the product lifecycle. Explain the two strategies a company might employ if its product were in the decline stage of its product lifecycle. On the off chance that the attributes of the item life cycle stages and their showcasing suggestions are seen legitimately, the item may have made it to the last stage in the PLC: the decline stage. More often than not, the firm will have endeavored to keep the item to the extent that this would be possible in the development arrange. Nonetheless, once the offers of an item begin to fall or benefit can no further be kept up, the decay organize is come to. This does frequently occur because of the market passage of substitute items which fulfill client needs superior to the last item. Example: (a) Contracting out or Selling: Loyal clients of an item can be held when the brand or the rights to create and offer the item are given on to a specialty administrator or by subcontracting. Numerous little firms utilize this procedure since they are sufficiently adaptable to offer the items market a palatable return. Each gathering engaged with this procedure profits by the arrangement: the beg inning firm can arrange gainfully of an item it never again needs, customers can continue purchasing items they want, and the subcontractor or purchaser can pick up the advantages of a brand they would never have set up individually. (b) Milking or Harvesting: When this system is utilized, the item gets just next to zero showcasing support. The firm plans to expand the life of the item while creating the money and the time required to set up new items. Whats more, the moderate decay of the item furnishes the firm with adequate time to change in accordance with the declining income and to discover elective methods for producing pay.

Naxalism In India Perception And Responses Politics Essay

Naxalism In India Perception And Responses Politics Essay Widespread discontent apathy among the common populace has plagued the Indian polity since independence. This discontent has often led to unrest and resentment sometimes resulting in violence also. Since independence various statutory enactments and institutional mechanisms for addressing the aspects of deprivation and neglect have been brought into being but the irony is that discontent and unrest continue to surface inspite of the measures undertaken. Today, even after six decades of independence, for a large section of the populace, basic survival and making the two ends meet is still the biggest challenge. As 58 per cent of the Indian labour force is still engaged in agriculture and allied occupations, landlessness is an important root of poverty. The Indian State recognized the vital link between land and livelihood soon after independence and launched land reform measures which included three components: abolition of intermediaries such as zamindars, security of tenancy and a c eiling on agricultural holdings for distribution of the surplus to the landless. However, as time passed the commitment to land reform has weakened and it remains an unfinished agenda of governance.  [1]  The poor population in order to meet their livelihood had to depend upon common property resources such as forests, pastures and water sources. The government having realised such resources as sources of profit started exploiting them, thus resulting in the poor being deprived of the access they had to these resources . 2. Today the nation is boasting of an above 9 per cent growth rate and is aspiring to become an economic powerhorse. But the fact of the matter is that the inequalities between the rich and the poor is increasing. With globalisation, awareness of opportunities and possible lifestyles are spreading but the entitlements are receding. The directional shift in Government policies since the early nineties towards modernisation and mechanisation, export orientation, withdrawal of subsidies and exposure to global trade has been an important factor in hurting the poor and increasing their miseries. Equal status and equal dignity is not only a Constitutional right but also a basic human right. The inherited institutions of caste, gender, religion and unequal property have been depriving the majority of the society of this right. The continued practice of social discrimination, untouchability and atrocities against the weaker sections truly reflects the failure of the promises made to the oppr essed people of this nation by the government. 3. This has led to a situation where in a large section of the people have lost faith in the polity and institutions of this country. However the irony is that there has been no sustained effort to eliminate the causes and reduce the discontent of the masses. It is these causes of discontent among the people that has led to the meteoric rise and spread of the Naxalite movement in the country. The Naxalite armed movement which has been challenging the Indian state since more than four decades is based on Maoist ideology and gains its strength through mobilising the poor, underprivileged, discouraged and marginalised especially in the rural and underdeveloped parts of the country. The Naxalite movement are a serious threat to the Indian state and is fast threatening to engulf almost the whole nation under its influence. The dreams of the nation of becoming a regional superpower and economic giant in the near future seems to be a distant reality with Naxalism challenging the inherent id eals of the state. 4. The menace of Left Wing Extremism after making a modest start in 1967 from remote village named Naxalbari in West Bengal plagues almost 235 districts  [i]  across the country in 2011. In some of these districts, the situation has deteriorated to such an extent that the writ of the government cease to exist and can be termed as liberated zones. The Maoists run a parallel government in these areas and are located in most underdevloped parts of the country. Despite being referred to as the most serious internal security threat faced by the nation by the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh himself in 2006, not much has translated at the grass root level to address the issue. On the contrary, the Maoists have been able to strike at targets with impunity and at will causing panic amongst the state and central security forces. 5. The Naxalites with their control over certain areas and their armed fight against the security forces, are challenging the inherent ideals of the state, namely soverignity and monopoly on use of force. In order to fight this menace, the state is focusing on re-establishing of law and order by encountering the Naxalites violently by use of force. However, this approach of the government seems to lack foresight, since the roots of Naxalism are located within the Indias numerous social and economic inequalities. Without addressing the root causes merely use of force will not help the state in solving the problem. If the country does not belong to everyone, it will belong to no one. Tupamaro Manifesto 17. The nation as a concept is universally recognized and .internationally valid for soverign aggregate of human beings in a modern state. If modern states are nation states, then the territorial integrity, political stability and the legitimacy of the state is a basic prerequisite for political and emotional integration of the citizens.  [2]  The collapse of the communist states in the early nineties point to the truth about this statement. It is the collective will of the population of the state that is the sole and most important determinant of contours of a state. India is a nation with vast cultural diversities and geographical.landscapes. The quote from Gitanjali written by noble laureate RabindraNath Tagore aptly sums up the importance of a nation wherein the true values of nationalism can take root: Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from depth of truth; Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection; 9. Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit; Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever widening thought and action; Into that heaven of freedom my father, let my country awake. 18. The Constitution of India guarantees the protection of all states against external aggression and internal disturbance by the Union of India, however the security being a state subject is rarely given the importance it requires till the situation blows out of proportion and many a times this turns out to be too little too late for the masses which suffer due to these security problems. The nation has faced numerous internal security problems since getting independence in 1947. These have been mainly due to secessionist movements initiated by a certain section of the population, wherein the government failed to provide solutions to their long pending issues. Since independence the country has faced problems in states of Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, Punjab and JK. Though, as on date these states have not been posing serious existential threat to the worlds largest democracy but before coming to some serious resolution of these conflicts a new danger of Nax alism has plagued vast areas of the country. 19. The Naxal movement presently having its influence over some 231 districts in 21 states of our country has been identified as the single largest internal security threat to the nation by the prime minister.  [3]  The Naxal movement as it is known is essentially an ideological movement and not an ethnic or a religious one. It gets its sustenance from social evils such as poverty, unemployment, exploitation of the poor classes and social discrimination. It has drawn vast support of population from the tribal belt into the movement. Before we can find the ways of tackling this issue, there is a need to understand the reasons why this 10. problem has come into existence. This will not only help in finding the real cause of this problem but also the ways and means to eradicate it. 20. To understand the spread of Naxalism in the country, we will have to analyse communism and its evolution in India. The communist Party of India came into existence on 26th Dec 1925 based on the thought that communism was ideally suited for the country with such vast demographic diversity and difference between the haves have not. However, the ban on communist ideology during the British rule prohibited the rise of the party and its ideology. Two notable movements led by communists during the pre independence era needs a mention are, firstly, the Tebhaga Movement led by peasants front of CPI Kisan Sabha in 1946, with the aim to increase the share of peasants in crops from half to two-third and second being the Telangana Uprising against the brutal repression of peasants by feudal landlords during the regime of Nizam in the Telangana region.  [4]   21. The birth and rapid rise of Naxalite movement can also be traced to the development which took place around the globe during the decade of 1960. This was a period in Europe, Asia and America when new radical struggles were breaking out, marked by the reading of Marx. These trends were reflected in the national liberation struggle of the Vietnamese people; the civil rights and anti-war movements in USA; in the students agitations in Western Europe; Che Guevaras self sacrifice in the jungles of Bolivia; and in Chinas cultural revolution. The Naxalite movement was part of this contemporary, worldwide impulse among the radicals to return to the roots of revolutionary idealism.  [5]   22. The year 1967 marks a turning point in terms of the revolutionary armed struggle in India. On 24 May the persistent social and political tensions in the 11. small village Naxalbari in the Darjeeling District of the West Bengal unloaded after a landlord was attacked which led to a full-scale peasant riot. This event has its deep roots in the socio-economic conditions, namely unequal land distribution and forced labour that had persisted since the British rule. At that moment, the general perception of people in these regions remained that the level of economic development, social justice and quality of governance in the states was plagued with a variety of maladies and there was complete lack of concern of the government towards these downtrodden people of the society . 23. The Naxalites, as they are called today emerged on scene as CPI(ML) after splitting from CPI(M). Their pronounced agenda has been to capture political power through an armed and violent revolution. Within a few years of its formation, the organisational network of CPI(ML) and its propagated violence spread in the whole of West Bengal. The campaign spread to parts of Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Jammu Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. In 1971 there was maximum violence with killing of 850 so called class enemies landlords, moneylenders, police informers, political activists  [6]  . However, joint operations launched by the state police of West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa quickly curtailed the movement, leading to serious decline in capabilities and influence of the Naxalites. By mid 1970s, the belief was that the movement was dead in totality. During this phase, however, the ideological motivation was existing in top leadership and middle level activists. The supporters consisted of the political class as well as the student base of Delhi University, who were motivated by their ideology. There were large number of journals in English and vernacular languages which were published periodically during that period to increase the ideological fervour in the common populace. The leaders of the movement were provided training, financial support and guidance by active support from China. However post 1972, the arrest and subsequent death of Charu Majumdar led to the total collapse of the movement. 12. 24. After the period of emergency, the remnants of the Naxalite groups made discreet attempts to revive itself primarily, through an agrarian agitation movement, supporting their woes and highlighting the issues plaguing the poor and the downtrodden. In 1980, Peoples War Group(PWG) was formed in Andhra Pradesh under the leadership of Kondapalli Seetharamaiah with a violent agenda. The group clandestinely established underground dalams, operating apparatus in North Telangana and Dandakaranya region. Even Bihar was under revival phase with three naxal groups on the forefront.  [7]  These groups had a sizeable ground level base of revolutionary peasants taking part in violent actions. The groups operating in Bihar were Maoist Communist Centre, Unity Party and anti-Lin Piao group. This concerted effort led to revival of the movement in Andhra Pradesh, Dandakaranya and Bihar. However, these groups were affected by dissentions and splits on one side and unification processes occurring simultaneously. This process of splitting though a setback in the intial stages but however it ensured increase of mass support at ground level as each entity tried its best to gain more and more support of the population in the area, thus ensuring organizational progress. The Naxal violence continued to increase from this period and finally reached its pinnacle in 1991 for a second time when they were able to eliminate sucessfully large number of class enemies. Since then, the organized killing of selected targets has continued.  [8]  The targets of Naxal violence also included those people whose agenda differed that of the Naxalites. Since, this has been a ground level movement, the solution too lies in dealing at that level and conceptualizing strategies at higher levels are of little or of no significance. At the moment every year there are more than 1500 Naxal violence incidents from the affected states involving killing of more than 500 class enemies. There has been a soph istication in the means employed by them in detonating the landmines negating their vulnerabilities to electronic countermeasures. The daring means employed by them to attack police posts and patrols has brought out the vulnerabilities of security forces in the area and the growing might of Naxals. The Naxalites have been running a parallel government in these areas by holding jan 13. adalats wherein they resort to on the spot dispensing of justice. These are notundertaken in any covert manner but in full public view and with advance warnings of a few days. This state clearly highlights the failure of govt at the grass root level. The present strength of armed cadre stands at 8000 excluding 15000 cadres of peoples militia who carry on their routine work, but are ready to serve when the situation demands.  [9]   25. The Naxalites have a design of establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone, from Nepal running across Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. These areas will be under their total control with administration and governance of their own. Unlike the first phase of the movement, the present phase entails unification and consolidation. In 1998, Unity Party and PWG merged to form CPI(ML)(PW), thereafter, RCCI-Maoist merged with MCC MCCI came into existence. Later, PW and MCCI came together to form CPI(Maoist). This gave the org a backing on ideological front from the Communist Party of Nepal(Maoist), thus complicating the problem and making it trans-border and trans-national. The party has got international linkages through Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisation of South Asia which includes the Communist parties of Sri Lanka, Nepal Bangladesh and India. The spread of Naxalism has been phenomenal in the recent years. Starting from the peasant movement, the Nax al issue today has a large spatial spread and much better resistance capability. The initiatives undertaken by the Centre and the to contain the movement prevent violence has been a failure. It has not been able to rein in the movement and lower the violence levels. 14. CHAPTER-III SOCIO-ECONOMIC MILIEU OF NAXALISM 26. Poverty and lack of development extract terrible prices and the glaring example of this has been the rapid rise of Naxalism. Naxalite violence in India has claimed thousands of lives till date and the graph is on the upward swing with each passing year. In his address to the nation on 15August 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh termed Naxalism as a threat to Indias national security. Less than a month after this pronouncement, one of his predecessor former Prime Minister V P Singh came up with a completely different viewpoint. He saw no option but to embrace Naxalism in the present model of development, where forceful acquisition of land and displacement of thousands by the State are the order of the day. Both these statements, however, made in their respective contexts, but , both of them are revealing. They clearly indicate towards the rise of Naxalism as a movement that is giving sleepless nights to the highest echelons of governance of this nation. They clearly indicate towa rds the acceptance of the fact among our leaders of the strength and undisputed popularity of this movement. 27. Naxalism started as a peasant movement in 1967, in the tiny and remote hamlet of Naxalbari in West Bengal. The main demand was that of radical land reform and land to the tiller. The only means of realizing this was seen as the violent takeover of power. However, the govt was completely unwilling to yield to the demands, and the movement was brutally crushed. The character of Naxalism has changed with the times. Forced out of West Bengal, it has now regrouped itself outside the state. The movement is threatening to engulf whole of the nation and has got strong presence, largely in heavily forested areas dominated by tribals in the states of Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, 15. Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. 28. Today,around 42% of Indias total population, lives under the poverty line. One third of the global poor lives in India, 75% in rural areas . The increasing high numbers of farmer suicides because of indebtedness, harassment and discrimination, particularly in the Naxalite affected areas, potrays the miserable condition of large parts of Indias rural population.The lack of human development causes anger and resentments amongst the people. They feel alienated and excluded. In addition often local elites are engaged in exploiting, harassing and even torturing the tribal population  [10]  . 29. Dalits and Tribals form the major support base of Naxalism. The Dalits and tribals together amount for nearly one fourth of Indias population and most of them live in rural India . Their reasons for supporting the Naxal movement are manifold: there is low degree of employment and qualification, new forest policies posing restriction for their livelihoods, cultural humiliation, lack of access to health care, education and power, restriction on access to natural resources, numerous forms of exploitation, social discrimination, frequent displacements, political isolation and suppression. The states which are the most affected have a huge number of people facing deprivation and a high record of crimes that are committed against them as well as displacement owing to economic and development projects 30. In fact 80% of the total displaced persons within the period of 1947- 2000 were tribals. A large number of tribals remained neglected from the various governmental development projects. Attempts by the government to increase its influence in these backward areas resulted in repression of the inhabitants by the various state authorities, such as by the forest department resulting in the destruction of their traditional social bonds. The era of globalization with the liberalisation of Indian economy gave new life to the conflict. There are numerous 16. Indian and foreign companies that are operating in the mineral rich areas of Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Orissa which are among the poorest states in India and show a high degree of Naxal affection. Several of these companies have signed memoranda of understanding with the government worth billions for exploiting the mineral resources. However, the irony is that the inhabitants of these areas generally do not benefit from the mineral wealth of their areas. Besides mining, the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and construction of huge dam projects results in the displacement of thousands of people. 31. Today, the focus of Naxalism has changed from being an agrarian movement to that of fighting for the attainment of tribal self- determination, control over local resource issues and continued neglect of governmentt towards these areas. This cause of theirs has found ready sympathisers among local communities. In tribal-dominated areas development is largely synonymous with the exploitation of forest resources for commercial gains, primarily controlled by the forest department and other govt agencies. This has almost obliterated traditional community control over forests and forest resources. The successive Government policies have made the very existence of tribals in their own areas difficult, and displaced them from their lands. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 has barred tribals from using the forest resources, thus forcing them to be termed as encroachers on the land they have inhabited for centuries. However, this tribal alienation from land is not only the outcome of the c ountrys conservation policy only but also the development projects including mining projects. The Naxal movement cleverly tapped and exploited the often justified tribal anger and frustration against this oppression of the government. 32. With Indias major mineral resources concentrated under tribal dominated forestlands, mining and related projects have naturally come into the crosshairs of the Naxals. Today, five of Indias top mineral-producing state Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are fighting the rise 17. of the red brigades in most of their mineral-rich districts.Its not development. It is an express highway to speed up exploitationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What they have left for the local people is just air and water pollution, says Communist Party of India (Maoist) central committee member Kosa, while referring to the mega mining projects in Bastar, Chhattisgarh. The Naxal opposition has unnerved the mining industry in this part of the country. According to a report by the risk management consultancy, Hill and Associates based in Hong Kong the viral spread of Naxalism in India has an adverse impact on the development and has termed it as a grave operational risk affecting investment climate in the core extractive sector. The report also points that Naxalism is likely to impact foreign direct investment in the country. It further says The risk exposure would be greater in pockets where Naxalites have joined the tribals in opposing project-induced human displacement. Areas where industrialisa tion is in the initial stages of development are more prone to stiff opposition by Naxalites. Traditionally, the Naxals have been targeting the govt symbols and its institutions but with the present trend Industrial establishments are likely to bear the brunt in the future. In fact, at their ninth congress held in the beginning of 2007, Naxalites clearly expressed their intention of intensifying their operations in areas where mega development projects including special economic zones, irrigation projects and mining enterprises are coming up. 33. The Naxals have used varied tactics for opposing this industrial investment. The rise of Naxalism can be directly linked to the crisis of faith: Indias marginalised population, the poors including its tribals, have lost their trust on governmentt for their livelihoods. The development projects coming in these areas are threatening the very existence of locals and have become synonymous with poverty and insecurity. With no alternative left, these communities have started believing that the only way they can fight for their survival is by adopting the violent ways of the Naxals. The rapid rise and popularity of Naxalism is not only a crisis of political empowerment but also that of sheer economic backwardness of these areas. The irony is that the marginalized have 18. started believing that it is one of the rare opportunities still available to them to express their aspirations. 34. The government and its planners have described Naxalism, as an internal security threat and are of the opinion that Naxalism and its sympathisers must be to be stamped out decisively by use of the States police and army. On one hand the govt claims that the path of violence is not the solution of the problems of the poor. On the other hand, it strongly advocates use of force to suppress the movement and solve the problems of the govt. It is precisely this myopic vision of the govt and its planners which is the real cause of the problem. Poverty, starvation, malnutrition, unemployment, lack of access to basic necessities like health and education, forced eviction of people from their lands in the name of developmental projects do not qualify as threats to internal security for the government. However, reactions and resistance and protests against them raise the hackles and eyebrows. A prime reason for the spread of Naxalism has been the acute failure of the State to provide remote and underdeveloped areas with facilities for health and education, and the prospect for dignified employment. People in these areas have had to cope with an administration that is indifferent, corrupt, an brutal. Meanwhile, the economic development in these areas has been powered by wood, water and minerals found on these lands, and for whose profitable exploitation the locals are forced to make way involuntarily or by force. It is important to understand the fact that the forced eviction of people from their land and livelihood for projects like mining will only bring more poverty and not prosperity as our planners think. 35. Governments need to be sensitive about these issues. They must work to make people in Naxal-infested areas true partners in the development process by assuring them titles on lands cultivated by them, by allowing them the right to manage forests sustainably, and by giving them a solid stake in industrial or mining projects that come up where they live and at the cost of their homes.Thus the locals are not interested into the so-called development projects by the 19. government and even resort to attacking the employees of these companies. These processes create conducive conditions for the support of Naxals and give them ready cadres and recruits. The Naxals only need to exploit the prevailing frustration . 36. Although the nation is enjoying a steadily solid economic growth during the past two decades but the distribution of these benefits is uneven among various social groups and geographic regions. Income disparities have increased and there is huge distinction between living conditions of the people in the rural areas and the metropolis in India. But these contradictions not only exist between rural and urban areas but also within the cities. The Naxals taking advantage of the situation and have started building up popular support in the cities through infiltrating labour unions and targeting the unemployed and students as well as exploiting the socio-economic disparities. Today, big cities like Delhi, Patna and Kolkata have come up as big hubs for Maoist sympathising intellectuals.According to Ernst Bloch the development of Modernity and capitalism can create contradictions within a society. These contradictions are often a consequence of social progress that is not shared by the w hole population. Bloch calls this asymmetric development the simultaneity of the nonsimultaneous. This process can be conflict-promoting especially when the contradictions are exploited by a political force. This concept can be well applied to the Naxalite conflict. 20. CHAPTER-IV IMPACT OF NAXALISM ON THE NATION 37. The spread and influence of Naxalism has almost captured half of Indian territory. The speed with which this menace is spreading its tentacles, the day is not far when the whole of the nation will be under its firm grip. Today, the violence related to Naxalism is a real cause of concern which is degenerating the security fabric of the country. The under mentioned paragraphs highlight the direct and indirect effects of the menace on the nation. Security Implications 38. Shift from ideology. The facts clearly indicate the rising menace of Naxalism and bring to fore that Naxalism in its present form fail to tow their novel ideology conceptualized in the native years, ie, working with a determined and undivided aim of establishing social equality. In fact Left Wing extremists are transforming the movement from menace to serious threat.  [11]   39. Increasing Influence. The viral spread of Naxalism is a growing concern. The Naxal threat seems to have surpassed all other insurgencies in the nation at least from the geographical point of view. Today the Naxalites are dreaming of establishing a red corridor and are putting all their energies towards fulfillment of their goals in this concern. Going with the present pattern they might soon gain a continuous presence along the length and breadth of the nation. 21. 40. Virtual Control. The situation today is such that If partial the Naxalites ever plan to launch coordinated, simultaneous attacks, they would not only be able to drive a wedge through the vital areas of the country but will also give them complete control over huge deposits of minerals, oils and industrialised territory and put them at a position from where they can bargain on their terms.   Gen Shankar Roy Chowdhury former Army Chief had this to say The Naxalite movement is the main threat which is affecting the states today. It is more dangerous than the situation in Jammu and Kashmir or the situation in the North-East.

Discuss the Minority Presence in Contemporary British Art Essay

Minority Presence in Contemporary British Art "Highly visible yet evasively mute." Art critic Kobena Mercer, comments on the current position of African and Asian artists in Contemporary British Art, when he suggests that minority artists are seen and not heard. This oxymoronic position derives from a long historical legacy of European colonization and the emphasis on 'racial inferiority' and 'otherness.' On the one hand, British art is progressive, allowing some minority art in the general art world. Yet on the other hand minority art is still marginalized by the preferential treatment given to white artists. There is a strong degree of accuracy in Mercer's statement because while minority art can now be 'seen,' the 'voice' is suppressed when the 'ethnic element' is too strong. Subordination comes in many forms. Not only do minority artists have a limited gallery presence in major galleries, but finding information on them can be utterly impossible when the current focus of British art revolves around what it means to be British. The only minority artists that are visible are artists who either play up white stereotypes or allude to a Western artistic tradition. An examination of these artists and the current art climate, indicate that the visible presence of minority artists is controlled by preconceived traditions and perceptions. The difficulties facing minority artists in Britain today relate to the current climate of the art world. A quiet tug-o-war exists between the effort to globalize the British art and return to white dominance. Multiculturalism is everywhere; however, it often plays an artificial role in that its purpose is to fulfill a quota. The predominately white yBa movement defines the current art worl... ...the boat' too much. African/Asian artists must allude to either white stereotypes or traditions, to survive in an art world that continues to be dominated by the majority. Works Cited Chambers, Eddie interview with Petrine Archer Straw. From Annotations 5: Run through the jungle selected writings by Eddie Chambers. Edited by GilaneTawdrows and Victoria Clarke. London: inIva, 1999, pp 21-31 King, Catherine. Views of Difference: Different Views of Art. Yale University Press: London, 1999. Mercer, Kobena, 'Ethnicity and Internationality: New British Art and Diaspora-Based Blackness', Third Text, Winter 1999-2000, p 55 Robinson, Hilary. Visibly Female. 1986 from an interview with Yasmin Kureshi. Reworking Myths: Sutapa Biswas Stallabrass, Julian. High Art Light. Verso: London, 1999. from Ofili, interview with Marco Spinelli, 'Brilliant' pg. 7

Mandatory Memo Essay

I am writing you this memo in compliance with the mandatory mediation requirements issued by the court. I would first like to state to you my stance in this case. I have been dealing with this particular vendor for about six months now. The business relationship started after my wife and I visited Mrs. Doe’s Sunday school class in Huntsville, Alabama. I was there in support of my wife and to explore the Christian religion, but in small talk Mrs. Doe informed me of her family’s grape vineyard and the value of a certain natural product they produced. My natural herb store was in need of some new products for my customers so I agreed to try Mrs. Doe’s product in my store. The muscatine products were a success so naturally I continued to place orders for the products by phone and paid the invoices as the money became available; at this point in the business relationship there was no written contracts signed between Mrs. Doe’s business and mine thus my understa nding is that our contract was of the implied variety, meaning that the action of my ordering and her supplying was the contract. After a few months I began hearing chatter about the popularity of muscadine grape products, and as a vendor I needed to get some legal documents locking down my business relationship Mrs. Doe’s vineyards before the price of the supply went too high. When I first started my company 2011, I remember reading a book about the laws of supply and demand. I remember reading that as the rise in demand grew the cost of the supply would grow as well. To refresh my memory I went back over that book and there it was in black and white â€Å"to make money within this cycle, get in early and get out early. That is, increase your supply as the demand starts to rise and cut your price as the demand starts to fall† (Ball K., Seidman. D 2011). Clearly our implied relationship was not going to be enough to keep me on top of this product increase, I knew whatever I was going to do I needed to do it fast. I had remembered that there as going to be a delivery coming from the vineyard that d ay so I typed up a quick contract that would set in place my current pricing and future deliveries as well. The contract was just a formality to  protect myself and my company, sure Mrs. Doe was a good Christian lady, but I was not convinced that Christianity and business had anything to do with one another. When Mrs. Doe’s son arrived with the delivery I asked the young man to sign the contract as, like I stated earlier, a formality for both companies. I had reviewed all aspects of the contract and did not perceive anything within the contract that was already out of our ordinary routine. I would call and place an order, Mrs. Doe would fill the order and deliver it to our establishment then within a month or so I would pay my invoice. Paying the invoice within 30-45 days gave me time to sell some of the product so that it virtually paid for itself. I was not aware of Mrs. Doe’s son’s age and since I was not expecting the business relationship to sour anytime soon, I did not think to ask if he was a legal adult. When I asked Mrs. Doe’s son to sign the contract he did not offer any information about his age either so in my defense what reason would I have to suspect otherwise. Once I learned of the Huffington Post’s article praising the value of muscadines I knew it was a matter of time before Mrs. Doe either opt to raise the price of her products, I never expected her to want to cancel our business transactions indefinite. I was sure by now that her some had disclosed the contract to his mother by now, it was pertaining to the family business and if he was competent enough to make the deliveries and assist his mother with the company then surely he was responsible enough to give her the contact that he had signed. When Mrs. Doe reveled to be that she was no longer going to supply me with the product I was surprised and angered, we had an agreement. Once Mrs. Doe informed me that she had no knowledge of the contract I immediately faxed the contract to her and then began researching my next legal steps. During my research of contract law I discovered a publication that highlighted all the legal aspects of binding legal contracts. There are several reasons that I judge may rule a contract unenforceable, one of which relates to nondisclosure due to lack of capacity, this immediately required more study. According to the publication â€Å"It’s expected that both (or all) parties to a contract have the ability to understand exactly what it is they are agreeing to. If it appears that one side did not have this reasoning capacity, the contract may be held unenforceable against that person. The issue of capacity to contract usually comes up when one side of the agreement is too young or does not have the  mental wherewithal to completely understand the agreement and its implications† (Stim 2000). I knew that Mrs. Doe would try to use her son’s age as a reason not to honor the contract. I personally believe that if Mrs. Doe actually had no knowledge of the contract it was due to her son’s deception thus proving he had full capacity when he signed the contract. I cannot contest to how thi s legal matter will change my thought process about Christianity. I do not see that Mrs. Doe’s attempt to dishonor our contract as an immoral act. When Mrs. Doe first contacted me I was angry and started to see her breach of contract as a flaw in her moral compass but then I read a passage in another publication I had researched. The aurthor stated that â€Å"a tension exists between the felt sense that wrong has been done when contracts are broken and the actual operation of the law† (Porat, A., & Ben-Shahar, O. 2010). I believe that I have to separate this lack of good judgment in Mrs. Doe’s case from my evaluation of God and Christianity, in doing so I must also take full advantage of my legal rights as a business owner. In order for my business not to suffer from this attempt to breach the contract either Mrs. Doe must honor the contract until the end or she must pay me for the damages that would be associated with the vineyard canceling our agreement, anything less would be unacceptable and a I will continue forward with my lawsuit. Ball, Madeline K.; Seidman, David. (2011). Dollars and Sense: Supply and Demand. Rosen Central. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from Porat, A., & Ben-Shahar, O. (2010). Fault in American Contract Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stim, R. (2011). Contracts: The essential business desk reference. Berkeley, CA: Nolo.

Free Essays on Uncle Sam And Aunt Samantha

In the article â€Å"Uncle Sam and Aunt Samantha† Anna Quindlen argues that women should be drafted in to the military in a national crisis. Mrs. Quindlen states, â€Å"One out of every five recruits in the United States Military is female.† Women have been honored as well as killed in combat situations and the numbers grow and the military is still successful. A poll done ten years ago shows that half of America supports women registering for the draft. Many men do not want to go to war but in a free and equal country all should be involved with a war effort, even women. Many women are entering the military under their own freewill but the Selective Service only requires men from the ages of eighteen through twenty-five to register for the draft. Mrs. Quindlen is correct in saying that women as well as men should be required to register for the draft. Mrs. Quindlen is valid when she says, â€Å"Women have managed to serve in military positions without destroying unit cohesion or failing because of upper-body strength.† Women have served in combat situations like the Balkans and the Middle East. Women have been able to out-rank men and fly fighter jets to take out Afghanistan targets without male soldiers becoming jealous or lustful. Women are capable of the same tasks as their male counter parts. It seems that men of no objection to having superior women officers and there should be no question whether or not women can do the job. It is letting women take the chance to fight for the country in a time of crisis just like men. Mrs. Quindlen is valid in stating that it makes a â€Å"mockery† of the nation to only let men register and not women. It is degrading of women to say that because they are women that they are not required registering for the draft to help in a crisis. A poll done about ten years ago showed that over half of the American population supported drafting women. Should America only lose its sons in battle? No, an... Free Essays on Uncle Sam And Aunt Samantha Free Essays on Uncle Sam And Aunt Samantha In the article â€Å"Uncle Sam and Aunt Samantha† Anna Quindlen argues that women should be drafted in to the military in a national crisis. Mrs. Quindlen states, â€Å"One out of every five recruits in the United States Military is female.† Women have been honored as well as killed in combat situations and the numbers grow and the military is still successful. A poll done ten years ago shows that half of America supports women registering for the draft. Many men do not want to go to war but in a free and equal country all should be involved with a war effort, even women. Many women are entering the military under their own freewill but the Selective Service only requires men from the ages of eighteen through twenty-five to register for the draft. Mrs. Quindlen is correct in saying that women as well as men should be required to register for the draft. Mrs. Quindlen is valid when she says, â€Å"Women have managed to serve in military positions without destroying unit cohesion or failing because of upper-body strength.† Women have served in combat situations like the Balkans and the Middle East. Women have been able to out-rank men and fly fighter jets to take out Afghanistan targets without male soldiers becoming jealous or lustful. Women are capable of the same tasks as their male counter parts. It seems that men of no objection to having superior women officers and there should be no question whether or not women can do the job. It is letting women take the chance to fight for the country in a time of crisis just like men. Mrs. Quindlen is valid in stating that it makes a â€Å"mockery† of the nation to only let men register and not women. It is degrading of women to say that because they are women that they are not required registering for the draft to help in a crisis. A poll done about ten years ago showed that over half of the American population supported drafting women. Should America only lose its sons in battle? No, an...

Free Essays on Balzac And The Little Chinese Seamstress (She’s So Sexy)

Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress (She’s So Sexy) One of the most influential philosophers read by the colonists while forming the framework for the Constitution was John Locke. His writings influenced American and other Western political leaders. Locke built his philosophy on the belief of Natural Rights. Lock declared that people exist in a state of nature where there are no formal laws of government. Conversely, he suggested that laws determined by people’s innate moral sense govern people. Natural Rights include Life, Liberty, and Property. Natural Rights promote that government should be built on the consent of the governed; people must agree on who their rulers will be. It should also be limited in the sense that there must be clear restrictions on what leaders can do. At the same time, Lock’s philosophy limited government so that they must provide standing laws so that people know in advance whether their acts will be acceptable (Bill of Rights). Locke also emphasized that the supreme power cannot take from any man any part of his property without his consent. The preservation of property would be the end of a successful government. The crux of his philosophy is that the exclusive purpose of Government is to protect the natural rights of its people. Natural Rights are a huge part of the Democratic practice; a successful Democracy is supported with documents like the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. In Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress, by Dai Sijie, the complete absence of democracy and a written Constitution/Bill of Rights has a crucial impact on all the lives of the characters. The story takes place during Chairman Mao's Cultural Revolution, where two boys from privileged families are sent to an isolated mountain village on Phoenix Mountain to be "re-educated" by peasants. Throughout the novel we see the penalty of such a system, which weights on the freethinking characters as much as... Free Essays on Balzac And The Little Chinese Seamstress (She’s So Sexy) Free Essays on Balzac And The Little Chinese Seamstress (She’s So Sexy) Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress (She’s So Sexy) One of the most influential philosophers read by the colonists while forming the framework for the Constitution was John Locke. His writings influenced American and other Western political leaders. Locke built his philosophy on the belief of Natural Rights. Lock declared that people exist in a state of nature where there are no formal laws of government. Conversely, he suggested that laws determined by people’s innate moral sense govern people. Natural Rights include Life, Liberty, and Property. Natural Rights promote that government should be built on the consent of the governed; people must agree on who their rulers will be. It should also be limited in the sense that there must be clear restrictions on what leaders can do. At the same time, Lock’s philosophy limited government so that they must provide standing laws so that people know in advance whether their acts will be acceptable (Bill of Rights). Locke also emphasized that the supreme power cannot take from any man any part of his property without his consent. The preservation of property would be the end of a successful government. The crux of his philosophy is that the exclusive purpose of Government is to protect the natural rights of its people. Natural Rights are a huge part of the Democratic practice; a successful Democracy is supported with documents like the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. In Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress, by Dai Sijie, the complete absence of democracy and a written Constitution/Bill of Rights has a crucial impact on all the lives of the characters. The story takes place during Chairman Mao's Cultural Revolution, where two boys from privileged families are sent to an isolated mountain village on Phoenix Mountain to be "re-educated" by peasants. Throughout the novel we see the penalty of such a system, which weights on the freethinking characters as much as...

How to Pronounce Xi Jinpings Name

How to Pronounce 'Xi Jinping's' Name China has been growing as a world power, and Xi Jinping, the countrys leader since 2012, is ever-present in the news and on the world stage. Its important, therefore, for students of Chinese- and indeed for anyone keeping up with current events- to be able to pronounce the Chinese leaders name. But saying his name correctly is not simple; it requires understanding the Chinese alphabet as well as the tones you must use when pronouncing Chinese letters and words. Basic Pronunciation The alphabetical letters used to write sounds in Mandarin Chinese (called Hanyu Pinyin) dont often match sounds they describe in English, so simply trying to read a Chinese name and guess its pronunciation is not sufficient.  (Mandarin Chinese is the official language of Mainland China and Taiwan.) The simplest way to pronounce the name of the president of China is to say Shee Jin Ping. But you also must account for the Chinese tones. The Four Tones In Mandarin Chinese, many characters have the same sounds, so tones are necessary when speaking to help differentiate words from each other.  The four tones are: First: a level and higher pitchSecond: a rising tone that starts from a lower pitch and ends  at a slightly higher pitchThird:  a falling-rising  tone that begins at a neutral tone then dips to a lower pitch before ending at a higher pitchFourth:  a falling tone that starts the syllable at a slightly higher-than-neutral pitch then goes quickly and strongly downward You can listen to a recording of a native speaker pronouncing the name and mimic the pronunciation. The BBC notes that the name is pronounced -sh as in ship, -j as in Jack, -i as in sit, -ng as in sing. Breaking Down the Name The presidents name is ä ¹  Ã¨ ¿â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ³ (or ç ¿â€™Ã¨ ¿â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ³ written in traditional form). His name, as do most Chinese names, consists of three syllables. The first syllable is his family name and the two remaining are his personal name. Xi, the first part of the name, can be difficult for non-native Chinese speakers to pronounce because the hard  x sound does not exist in English. It is alveolo-palatal, meaning that its produced by placing the body of the tongue against the front part of the hard palate. The tongue position is similar to the first sound in yes in English. Try producing a hissing sound and youll get pretty close. The i is like the y in city but longer. The tone rises when pronouncing this part of the name, so it takes on the second tone. Jin is also tricky, but if you know how to pronounce the hard x in Chinese, it becomes a lot easier. J is pronounced like the x  sound but has a stop in front of it. Think of it as a very light t, or tx. Take care not to breathe out too hard when pronouncing the t because it will turn into a Chinese Pinyin q. The i in jin should sound similar to the i in xi but shorter. The tone falls in this part of the name, so it takes on the fourth tone. Ping is fairly straightforward; it is pronounced much as it looks in English written form. One minor difference is that the ng is pronounced farther back and is more prominent than in English. The tone rises in this part of the name so it takes on the second tone.

(BKK)Managing Diversity Awareness Campaign Essay

(BKK)Managing Diversity Awareness Campaign - Essay Example al., 2006). One of the prominent reasons behind an increase in the differences amongst the employees lies with the inability of the managers or supervisors to manage the employees, resulting to gender inequality in the workplace. An important example of this can be the increasing tendency to develop and provide growth opportunities to the male employees in comparison to the females. Hence, there exists a need to develop several alternatives by which gender can be managed in the workplace, and which would lead to the establishment of a sustainable organization (European Union, 2008). Gender management is important, as it increases the scope of gender diversity and enables the employees to focus upon their respective goals. In this respect, the employees are able to perform their tasks as team members for effective attainment of organizational objectives (Powell, 1994). The diversity awareness campaign will be aimed at â€Å"Gender diversity in the workplace†, which is needed to be managed in order to prevent the emergence and development of differences with respect to employees. One of the most widely used tools to manage gender diversity in the workplace, which plays a crucial role in avoidance of conflicts is leadership. The diversity awareness campaign would focus upon a number of strategies to manage gender diversity in the workplace (UNDP, 2010). Leadership must be considered as the first priority of an organization, as it is regarded as an important driver of change. Leaders can play a lead role in facilitating gender diversity by providing quality training to the employees and ensuring that every employee works as a team and have equal opportunity to participate in the organizational decision making processes. Furthermore, a leader helps in establishment of gender equality through focusing upon formulation of gender equality initiatives (AHRI, 2012). ‘Focus’ is

Responsibility and Accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Responsibility and Accountability - Essay Example This means that one can be relied upon to oversee and implement their duties. Accountability, on the other hand, involves the assumption and acknowledgment of the consequences of actions, policies and decisions in governance and administration. It also encompasses the obligation to report, elaborate and be answerable for the consequences resulting from the decisions. Being accountable entails assuming the results for a particular action. In the community, it is important to identify who is responsible for certain actions and the one accountable for the consequences of these actions. Currently, there is an ongoing debate regarding the application of responsibility and accountability in the governing bodies. The roles that public relations practitioners take imply the responsibility to undertake certain functions. In business, the term can be used to describe the obligations or duties that have been assigned to a person with respect to the person’s function or position. Therefore, responsibility can be viewed as a collection of obligations that are associated with a function or a job. Therefore, a responsible actor can be viewed as a person whose job entails a set of obligations. These obligations are usually predetermined. The obligations must be met for the accomplishment of the job. Responsibility also includes moral obligations. These moral obligations are usually related to functional obligations. Henceforth, a certain level of maturity in terms of morals is required for an individual to be termed as responsible. Responsibility also encompasses the need for a person’s ability to reason in a moral and mature way. Ability to reason is the awareness of consequences and action that might follow ones action. Accountability is when a person is credited or blamed for his/her actions. These actions are usually associated with an established responsibility. Here, the difference between the two terms can be noted. A

AT&T and BellSouth merger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AT&T and BellSouth merger - Essay Example AT&T and Bellsouth are the two of the world's giant telecommunication company. According to Mark del Bianco, a Communications Attorney who wrote Bumps in the road for AT&T-BellSouth merger, both BellSouth and AT&T own considerable chunks of prime wireless spectrum that is unused and that could quickly and relatively cheaply be used to provide broadband services that would compete with telecom and cable wireline broadband services--in other words, the long-sought "third pipe" to the home or business. The merging of these two companies will give AT&T and BellSouth an edge over their competitors, and in this case, as Atty. Mark del Bianco have written, competitors will no doubt argue that the Federal Communications Commission and the Justice Department should worry about the loss of inter-modal competition that will result if the two companies are permitted to retain this valuable spectrum. While AT&T, being the largest phone company, bought BellSouth, of which, being the 3rd largest phone company, this reduced the phone company into 2 large players and consumers are now alarmed because the constant merging of companies gives them fewer choices, of which case, these companies can immediately shoot up their prices. The proposed merger of AT&T and BellSouth means the death of the Internet and the unmasking of fictional competition between telecom companies, charged two Washington, DC-based consumer groups. The Consumer Federation of America and the Consumer Union urged regulators to reject the $67 billion proposal. (Ed Sutherland, 2006) While the plan gives AT&T to kill the Internet so that they can cableize the Internet connection, Sutherland quoted Gene Kimmelman, Consumer Union vice president for federal and international affairs, which said: "Congress and federal regulators need to look carefully at the lifeless 'competition' their flawed policies have created and reject this merger." Cross selling: Through the merger the companies become enable to sell their products to the customers of the other company. The natural combination of two leading wire line providers and joint owners of Singular speeds progress in integrated wireless/wire line services will improve the services provided to the customers. Financial Benefits: The merger of both the companies will lead to a "financial benefits for stockholders of both companies; an expected net present value of $18 billion in synergies resulting from a more than $2 billion annual run rate in synergies expected in 2008, growing to $3 billion in 2010" (BellSouth Media Room). On the other hand the expected merger will lead to "accrete AT&T

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Law Enforcement - Assignment Example In this regard, the project aims to respond to six questions after selecting a state and recording pertinent information relative to criminal activities in the area. To achieve the objective, the state of New York is examined for violent criminal incidents, such as murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault for the period 2006 to 2009. Law Enforcement 1. Select a city, town, or municipality in the United States and examine trends in criminal activity over the last 3 years. Analyze reported crime statistics for major/minor offense categories such as murder, robbery, rape, and CREATE A TABLE OF THE RESULTS. ... What are the overall patterns of crime that you see in the selected town or city? What have you learned by the data? From the data, one learned that in the state of New York for the years 2006 to 2009, majority of violent crimes is reflected in the area of aggravated assault, followed by robbery. Only a negligible amount was recorded in rape and the least in murder. Most notable however, was that the total number of violent crimes have been exhibiting a declining trend from the period 2006 up to 2009. On the other hand, for minor offenses like property crimes, the trend manifests predominance of larceny representing more than 75% of total crimes in 2006 and reaching to 75% in 2009 with the least crime in motor vehicle theft representing only about 10% in 2006 and further declining to 7.5% of all property crimes in 2009. Is there a pattern? In what direction are the trends going? What crimes are on the decline or rise? While it was seen from the chart, there is no clear apparent patte rn in the incidents of violent crimes. The number of incidents for aggravated assault, for example, manifests an up and down pattern where the assaults from 2006 increased, then decreased in 2008 before increasing again in 2009. The same goes with other violent crimes, where the number of incidents increase and decrease intermittently. However, from the total violent crimes, it was eminent that the total number has been manifesting a decreasing trend or pattern since 2006. For minor offenses, the overall manifested trend as exhibited in the total property crime is declining for the period under review and larceny dominating the property offense classification. 3. What are the surprises and usual results in the data that you analyzed? Actually, for a city as New

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Business Law International - Essay Example These measures were very useful in helping these economies to recover from the disastrous effects of the crisis. In dealing with the legal aspects associated with taking tough action against weak and insolvent banks based upon the precedents established during the Asian Financial Crisis, Head (1998) suggests a legal regime four specific measures. Firstly, there should be clear guidelines set out by the central bank in a particular country to identify when a bank is insolvent, for instance when it is unable to maintain adequate liquidity to meet the needs of depositors in a timely manner and/or when its liabilities exceed its assets. Head suggests that setting out rigorous tests for determining potential insolvency is a vial first step. Secondly, there should be a legal provision in existence which clearly sets out that if a bank is found to be insolvent or approaching insolvency, the central bank will appoint an administrator or conservator, that could also be the central bank itself, to take over the control of the bank and carry out an assessment to determine the bank’s prospects.(Head 1998). On the basis of the assessment, the conservator would offer recommendations to (a) restore the bank to health (b) merge it with a stronger bank or (c) liquidate its assets and distribute proceeds among depositors. Thirdly, if the bank is to be restored to a healthy form, the Conservator should be provided the powers under the law to carry out necessary procedures necessary to affect such a restoration. This could include measures such as powers to hire and fire bank staff, since inefficiency in bank operations is often the result of irresponsible or incompetent executives, as well as the power to change or modify the bank’s policies, close branches, change the bank’s charter or other operational measures that may be necessary to restore the financial health of the bank. Fourthly, the law

Strategic Leadership In A Changing World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Leadership In A Changing World - Essay Example The paradox that exists between the market environment and the resources that are available to the organization are evaluated by strategic leaders as a basis upon which they select the most appropriate model or strategy for the organization. The most important consideration however is the role of the strategy in allowing the organization to meet its objectives and goals in an effective and efficient manner. It is in line with this that this essay gives a critical analysis and discussion of the Gary Hamel and Michael Porter’s approaches to strategic management with an aim of illustrating how the circumstances within an organization and the market environment influences the choice of strategic managers for either of these approaches in their leadership role within illustrated organizations. The essay focuses on strategic management within the changing world which is characterized by a diverse workforce and application of information and communication technologies for competitive advantage and business success. According to the generic strategies for leadership and management that were proposed by Michael Porter, the attractiveness of a market is the core determinant of the profitability of an organization (Colvin, 2012, p. 70). It is in this regard therefore that strategic managers of companies which require internationalizing their business activities strategize for market entry modes for an attractive market with high demand and more business opportunities. Therefore Porter’s approach to strategic leadership is important in making market choices for expansion. For example the growth of Apple into a multinational company was motivated by strategic leadership which targeted the most attractive markets for their smart phones and Mac computers. Gobble, Petrick & Wright (2012, p. 63) however argue that in the selection of strategic markets, leaders must put into consideration of the resources available to the organizations such as capital for internati onal expansion of the business and the forces within the new market environment such as political, economic and social cultural factors. Porter, in his generic strategy further points out that the position of a company within a specific market or industry is the second most vital element that determines it profitability and performance (Pathak, 2012, p. 154). It is through effective strategic management and allocation of resources that leaders of an organization are able to enable them to become market leaders. For example effective strategic marketing which fits the changing market environment such as online marketing communication are applied by effective leaders to make their organization to climb the competitive ladders within the market or industry (Foss, 2006, p. 10). This can be illustrated by the market leadership of Coca-Cola within its world markets. This company achieved this leadership in the market through proper allocation of resources for marketing, innovation and mot ivational compensation of its workforce by its strategic leaders. Moreover the company invested in market research which allowed it to determine the characteristics of the market and the changing trends of business operations (Saeidinia, 2012, p. 7). It is through this that the company became a leader within the soft drink industry and as a result gaining from huge profits. Gary Hamel views strategy within any organization as a

Annotated Bibiliography 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated Bibiliography 3 - Assignment Example Such presentations include tests for students on their abilities to drive while texting: those who want to test their abilities have to navigate around set obstacles and answer seemingly easy questions. Penning says that even though the questions are easy, they distract teens a lot and does not allow them driving properly. Very often, both adults and teens believe that they are the only ones who can perform several tasks at a time. In reality, it is not so. About 90 percent of all collisions result from distracted driving, with the majority of cases resulting from texting while driving. The latter is more dangerous than talking on the phone or to passengers while at the wheel. As Pennings says, conversations tend to overshadow driving. Before cell phones, the problem of distraction while driving existed as drivers were talking to the passengers. Overall, when being engaged in a conversation, an average driver sees only a half of what appears in frony of him / her on the road. There is a wide range of no-texting apps for cell phones that send calls to voice mail, silence texts etc. when inside a moving vehicle; all of them can be downloaded from the Google Play or App Store. Pennings argues that these apps will not change the situation for the better because governments cannot make citizens use them. The author of the article refers to the experience of a person who is directly connected to the problem of texting while driving. Brian Pennings is an expert in his field, and his own ideas and statistical data he quotes make the source under consideration reliable and worth using in the research. In addition to this, the author of the article refers to Pennings’ ideas and discusses quite an interesting and, more importantly, innovative way of eliminating driving distractions in the form of cell phones, which is the use of apps for cell phones. This article may contribute

Strategic Leadership In A Changing World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Leadership In A Changing World - Essay Example The paradox that exists between the market environment and the resources that are available to the organization are evaluated by strategic leaders as a basis upon which they select the most appropriate model or strategy for the organization. The most important consideration however is the role of the strategy in allowing the organization to meet its objectives and goals in an effective and efficient manner. It is in line with this that this essay gives a critical analysis and discussion of the Gary Hamel and Michael Porter’s approaches to strategic management with an aim of illustrating how the circumstances within an organization and the market environment influences the choice of strategic managers for either of these approaches in their leadership role within illustrated organizations. The essay focuses on strategic management within the changing world which is characterized by a diverse workforce and application of information and communication technologies for competitive advantage and business success. According to the generic strategies for leadership and management that were proposed by Michael Porter, the attractiveness of a market is the core determinant of the profitability of an organization (Colvin, 2012, p. 70). It is in this regard therefore that strategic managers of companies which require internationalizing their business activities strategize for market entry modes for an attractive market with high demand and more business opportunities. Therefore Porter’s approach to strategic leadership is important in making market choices for expansion. For example the growth of Apple into a multinational company was motivated by strategic leadership which targeted the most attractive markets for their smart phones and Mac computers. Gobble, Petrick & Wright (2012, p. 63) however argue that in the selection of strategic markets, leaders must put into consideration of the resources available to the organizations such as capital for internati onal expansion of the business and the forces within the new market environment such as political, economic and social cultural factors. Porter, in his generic strategy further points out that the position of a company within a specific market or industry is the second most vital element that determines it profitability and performance (Pathak, 2012, p. 154). It is through effective strategic management and allocation of resources that leaders of an organization are able to enable them to become market leaders. For example effective strategic marketing which fits the changing market environment such as online marketing communication are applied by effective leaders to make their organization to climb the competitive ladders within the market or industry (Foss, 2006, p. 10). This can be illustrated by the market leadership of Coca-Cola within its world markets. This company achieved this leadership in the market through proper allocation of resources for marketing, innovation and mot ivational compensation of its workforce by its strategic leaders. Moreover the company invested in market research which allowed it to determine the characteristics of the market and the changing trends of business operations (Saeidinia, 2012, p. 7). It is through this that the company became a leader within the soft drink industry and as a result gaining from huge profits. Gary Hamel views strategy within any organization as a

Studying for a Degree Essay Example for Free

Studying for a Degree Essay The above report is based on research and analysis produced by the Office of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The report comments on the advantages to the UK economy from people with a degree in terms of tax income and reduced unemployment. The report arranges an objective argument in from a number of authoratitive reports and sources, on whether higher education is a contributing to factor economic growth and whether it should receive support and investment. According to the report male graduates can expect to earn $208000 more than people without a degree. The benefits to the states are $95000 in tax income and reduced unemployment. The critic of the report Professor Allison Wolf does not think the OECD’s analysis and findings are inaccurate. She believes anything extra a graduate earns is not directly attributed to having a degree and therefore should not be subsidised by the government. Studying for a Degree: UK versus USA. Both the Kingdom and United States boast a pool of universities which are world renowned and among the best in the world. This is a brief summary of studying the benefits and disadvantages of studying at both .Tuition costs are significantly higher in the USA compared to the UK, on average the highest fees charged are $12000 in the UK compared with $50000 in the USA. However the UK offer student loans systems which is only paid back once graduates are earning  £21,000 or more, and many universities in the USA provide high levels of means tested financial support (Guardian, 2011) which student do not have to pay back, in an attempt by US universities to attract international talent. Course length also varies, UK degree courses are mainly taught over three years where as courses in the USA last 4 and even 5 years, increasing the cost of studying in the USA. (Word Count 323).

Global Leadership Skills In A Multinational Organisations Management Essay

Global Leadership Skills In A Multinational Organisations Management Essay This report is submitted to the as research method for investigation role of global leadership skills of FedEx . This research is a study aim for a better understanding of role of global leadership skills and relation to the company performance. To resolve with these kinds of issues are critical as it was found that among the senior managers leadership skills shortage. As a researcher the author found that empirical research on leadership skills help in decision making on it. Regarding this the first objective of this study is to analyse the the leadership skills in FedEx identified elements of Leadership skills. Introduction Since Global leaders have different leadership skills, abilities, personalities, learning experiences and leadership styles, its not surprising that they perceive leadership in different ways, bring different qualities to the workplace and have different aspirations to the jobs (Mullins 2002). Variable individuality consists of many criteria, such as profile, gender, age, ability, personality and perception etc. Each of those may lead to different behaviour to individuals. E.g. female leader, comparing to male leader, may appear more sensible and considerate when dealing with many different situation in the company, but may appear less rational and logical when doing decision-making. Personality, as one of those differences, can reflect the ability or inability to cope with the expectation and demands of Multinational organizations. Individual leaders values, attitudes, needs and expectations which build up human behaviour. The research question about investigate the role of global leadership skills are related to performance will be discussed in this research methodology. Term is offered by Sharp et al (2002, p.7):Research is seeking through methodical processes to add to ones own body of knowledge and to that of others, by the of nontrivial facts and insights. There are quite few ways and methods which can be adopted to investigate the role of global leadership skills and performance. Also there are some studies and researches being adopted to do this investigation Critical Literature review Identification of research problem This literature review describes and locates the subject of role of global leadership skills in the multinational organisation through a variety of perspectives on organizational development and leadership theory. Literature supporting the importance of global leadership skills and the context of an organization contributing to successful outcomes .This literature review only briefly summarizes the rich empirical research, the gaps and limitations in current knowledge, but introduces and encourages the development of new and innovative approaches through this research study that will expand our present understanding of role of global leadership skills and their contributions to FedEx success. Understand the role of an entrepreneur and a leader in creating a start-up and transforming it into a global player and a leader in its industry. I see the gap in the research referenced by me that performance of the company and leadership skills relation. One way of describing the differences between supervision and team leadership is offered by Rees (1991). He identifies two different types of leader role which he terms a controlling leaders role and a facilitating leaders role. The controlling leaders role reflects some of the ways in which the `traditional supervisory role been described in past literature. The facilitating leaders role relates to the way in which the team leader role has been described in the literature Organizations are constructed of component parts that interact (Nadler and Tushman, 1988: 22). These parts can fit together well and function effectively, or they can fit together poorly and lead to problems and disfunctions, that leads to performance below potential (Nadler and Tushman, 1988:22).For an organization to function effectively and deliver its desired output, all of its constituents parts and processes must be driving in the same direction (Semler, 1997; Baird and Meshoulam, 1988; Middleton, 2004). A well aligned system is one in which all of the separate component parts and processes fit together congruently and provide support and reinforcement for each other (Baird and Meshoulam, 1988: 122). Congruence in this sense is defined as the degree to which the needs, demands, goals, objectives and/or structures of one component are consistent with the needs, demands, goals, objectives and/or structures of another component (Nadler and Tushman, 1988: 29). Effective alignment t herefore can be seen to be the achievement of congruency where all parts and functions of an organization work towards the same purpose (Fonvielle and Carr, 2001: 4).Organizational alignment is a descriptive concept referring to the extent to which the various interdependent organizational elements combine to create a synergistic whole that makes it possible to achieve the goals espoused by the organization. It is a measure of degree expressed as a correlation ranging from complete opposition to perfect harmony (Semler, 1997: 28). At the individual level it is a measure of the degree to which the behaviour of each employee supports the organizations key goals (Robinson and Stern, 1997). The basic concept underpinning alignment theory is that other things being equal, the greater the total degree of congruence or fit between the various components, the more effective will be the organization (Nadler and Tushman, 1988: 25); effectiveness being defined as the degree to which actual organization outputs at individual, group and organization levels are similar to expected outputs as specified by management (Nadler and Tushman, 1988: 25). Alignment theory explains how the creation of high-performance work systems results from the creation of internal consistency (Quiros and Rodriguez, 2005: 2) and how alignment is a necessary condition for organizational effectiveness (Fonvielle and Carr, 2001: 4). Alignment theory builds on the original work of Nadler and Tushman on system congruence (1988) who proposed that organizations need to be internally consistent in order to function efficiently and that this consistency can be achieved by aligning interdependent elements towards the same ends. Leadership skills   Leadership is when you lead a group and you can do that through different ways. I am going to write about the people and leadership skills and styles they use An instructor is able to perform the skills. A leader is someone who leads a group and helps others develops techniques and skills. The leader looks after the group and steers it away from danger. They maintain, perform and develop techniques and skills. There are three different leadership styles. Autocratic is when the leader makes the decision and tells everyone what he wants done. It is mainly used on a group that dont know each other. Democratic is when the group decide what to do and the leader will only interfere if the group are in risk of danger. This is used when a group know each other and can trust each other. Autocratic is when the group and leader decide in a joint decision. It is used when a group know each other relatively well. The next sector is group dynamics which is about the stages of group development by Tuckman (1965). There are four main stages. Forming is when a group comes together, with individuals meeting and familiarising themselves with the other members of the group. Storming is a period of conflict as individuals seek their roles and status in the group. It is also inter-group competition. Norming is when individuals leave the group or accept the common goals and values of the group. They start to cooperate and work together. The group pulls together and the roes are established and become stable. Performing is when the group members work together to achieve their mutual goals. The relationships are well established; the group is stable and perform well together. Further topic is hard and soft skills. Hard skills can be defined as physical skills , various qualifications and driving. Soft skills can be defined as mental skills and way you appear for example group control, body language, confidence and relationships. Research aim The aim is to analyze FedEx role of global leadership skills within the multinational organization. Research Objectives (Intended outcomes/significance and scope of the project) The main objectives of this research are, To discover role of global leadership skills within FedEx related to its performed leadership To examine, identify and analyze senior management leadership skills To examine and identify the change in leadership skills its performances of the company. To provide a profile of FedEx global leadership skills showing their strengths and weaknesses . References Rees (1991). Tuckman (1965). Quiros and Rodriguez, 2005: 2 Formulation of research problem Research Hypothesis The alternative hypothesis   H1: The role of leadership skills within FedEx affects the performance of the company. Null Hypothesis HO: The role of leadership skills within FedEx doesnt affect the performance of the company. Research Philosophy . My research is to analysing and investigating the role of global leadership skills of FedEx is based positivism approach. As its in real life situation of the business situation. Nature of research Explanatory research will be search an explanation of an established situation and gather data and information to explained the reasons behind a problem or situation and experiment is an acceptable method for data collection and analysis the problem. From the above explanation, it is understandable that my research methodology based on explanatory. My research is to analysing and investigating the role of global leadership skills. The aim is to look for patterns and confirming a hypothesis. I can conclude that my research based on explanatory. Research approach The model based upon the literature Deductive reasoning is used to lead the inquiry. The focus is on whether or not the suggested method fits and is appropriate for the chosen organisation. Using a Deductive reasoning approach I will conduct surveys and questionnaires to address my hypotheses. Where it would help me to test it with specific data or confirmation of theories detailed in the literature review Research approach and techniques are very important in research methodology Survey is one of the most used approaches which collecting information from a selected group of people by asking a series of questions. In my project work, role of global leadership skills in FedEx is to be designed and implemented. In this case, there are will be performances of the leaders skills. There will not be a change after the implementation. I will be using an research method. Literature review and data collection technique used as tactics used to carry out research. Research process As I have clearly explained and justified in other part of this report Deductive Research approach Empirical Research strategy Positivism Research philosophy Longtittudal Time horizons Quantitative Data collection approach Questionnaire, Secondary data, Interview Data collection method Research design /Research strategy The choice between theoretical and empirical research is often difficult. The Empirical research strategy is uses of observations of, or experience with, a particular event to collect research data. Further Positivism derived from the natural sciences allied generally to the deductive theory. The above strategy would be implemented for this FedEx Research purpose. Research design Idea development play major role in research methodology. There are two broad types of idea development in research methodology. Fixed design, flexible design. Mixed design is combination of fixed and flexible design. In fixed design we need to know what to do before we start collecting the data for analysis and collect the data before analysis. It gives researches to develop own ideas. Since I have the clear picture of the project as I known exactly what to do before collecting the data for analysis, and collect all the data before analysing it. So I have decided to use fixed design. Data collection Data collection techniques are surveys and questionnaire. Literature review has already completed as part of the section. Quantitative approach is the one which collects information about things that can be counted. Quantitative approach is based on hypotheses, theory, believe. Leaders have skills and perceptions about many aspects of their skills, their careers, and their decision making. However, from the perspective of research and practice, And to know how these skills and performance will relate to leadership and performance well focus in this study. There are a number of possible methods for measuring leadership skills, such as conducting focus groups, interviewing employees, or carrying out employee surveys. Of these methods, the most accurate measure is a well-constructed leadership skills survey. For this well investigate the FedEx Leaders skills and perception, and how these could be related to their performance. To achieve this; one survey of some questionnaire will be set which include some 35 to 40 questions, and has to ask all senior team to fill it. Before the launch of this questionnaire the knowledge of important considerations for analyzing senior team survey results and for taking appropriate steps to improve leadership skills is essential. Finally, practitioners often use survey feedback discussion meetings as a means for acting on leadership skills surveys the final part of this section addresses research related to this topic and the most important ways to support action. We need to consider following points before launching the survey A justification for the survey, including: the basis for the survey, the goals and objectives, and related hypotheses to be tested. The goal here is to minimize respondent burden. If a new survey is needed, efforts should be made in the development of the questionnaire and any assessment items to minimize the burden to individual respondents. In addition, the confidentiality and privacy provisions, all the data about the employees should be kept safe A preliminary analysis plan that identifies analysis issues, objectives, key variables, minimum substantively significant effect sizes and proposed statistical techniques. A list of data items that will be maintained over time as part of an organization data series, including the justification for each item. A preliminary time schedule that accounts for the complete survey cycle from planning to data release. A preliminary survey evaluation plan that identifies the proposed analyses necessary for data users to understand the quality and limitations of the survey Data source These data collection is based on intranet therefore a random sample population based on database FedEx Head office therefore it can be a view of worldwide FedEx. Time scale Research Time scale (Gantt chart) Key Activities (Milestones) Time Scale (Plan of action) Assessing various topics 1 Week Topic 1 week Proposal 1 week Literature Review 1 Week Formulation of Research problems  :- Hypotheses 1 week Designing a Questionnaire, approval distribution 1 week 1 week Distribution of Questionnaire 1 week 1 week Data collection 1 week 1 week Data Analysis 2 weeks 1 week Final writing up and correction 2 week 1 week Extra Time for unforeseen problems 1 week Method and techniques In these activities I will take advantage of the following methods to complete the planned activities: Historic-logic method. Previous research about role of global leadership skills and its findings. Facts in FedEx as an organization. Analytical-Synthetic method to obtain results from information and experienced senior team matters related to multinational companies Structure of Survey This survey would be based on extensive ethnographic field work, and the systemic assessment we conducted will provide special opportunities for learning how the survey is perceived by rank-and-file leaders and the ways in which it will functions in application. So we need to make sure some fundamental questions about the use and purpose of surveys of this kind could be arising. E.g. the employees could ask why they going to filled up this questionnaire, is there anything they doing wrong, or they can think company is going to default. So need to call the meeting with all the senior teams and make them sure that filling up this survey would benefit them, and we can launch some kind of incentive for the respondents of this survey, so most of them would fill it happily. Questionnaires Two types of questionnaires will take place as part of the research methodology To complete this investigation well take FedEx senior team of about 150 people and after carefully taking consideration the following set of questionnaire is created, which will cover the questions of their leadership skills and competences about their job. And this would be distributed to them for competition. Each question can be answered in format of 5 point scale, e.g. If it is very much relevant than the senior team can tick to Strongly Agree, or if dont agree at all than Strongly disagree, or if he/she is in between of strong agree/disagree situation he/she would have 3 other options to choose. The Questionnaire 2 in appendix refers. Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree With Human resources management department of FedEx head office to clarify and provide insight of its global leaders database and communicate for survey via online regarding role of global leadership skills activities and feedback obtain from senior team based in different countries where FedEx operates. . I will create a questioner based 12-18 question of simple selection and focus to the Level of strengths and weaknesses of FedEx leaders related to their leadership skills. The results will be judge against information obtained from the previous FedEx leaders Interview. It will be necessary to require the Professional development plans (PDP) or individual performances results of each leaders to the HR department, to verify real result based on annual performances. (Outcome for the company) The activity will be conducted to leaders and senior team of FedEx. It will be sent via intranet as authorized by FedEx.(please refer Appendix 1 ) Result When the survey has been filled and the data has been handed over we can than count how many staff took part in this, and how many employees completed it fully. Now it shows how many employees filled this questionnaire completely and with seriousness. With respect to leadership skills, well get the approximate percentage of leadership skills related to performance and leadership skills is not related to company performance from the respondents and the respondents who were positive about the hypothesis H1 they performance oriented leadership acceptance or non related of its performance . This research will also revealed the reasons for this role of global leadership skills and company performances, and the respondent to this survey will help us to understand their future plan their thoughts, perceptions and behaviour, which we can match with their last some years of their performance. So we can understand why they are not performing well. To make sure and for further leadership skills training we can adopt more methods; Further methods 1. For further investigation and data validation we can carry out in-person and telephonic interviews of the respondents of survey, these interviewees should provide the team with documents to analyze and to offer general insights into the surveying processes as used in this corporation as well a detailed understanding of the purpose. 2. We can conduct focus groups composed of senior managers and leaders, in order to explore the conceptualization of the leadership skills and to begin to see the extent to which we can measure these hypotheses. 3. We can also carried out the think-aloud protocols to understand the reaction of senior managers to this survey. This will give us crucial insight how the respondents understand the questions and for validity the data. 4. The utilisation of secondary sources such as internal records and company reports, external sources i.e. census of the public sector, as well as telephone surveys would have added further depth and validity to the research. I feel the use of technology was one tool that would also have been very beneficial. Comparisons and Numerical Accuracy. Comparing data is one of the most useful survey analysis techniques, like using norms to compare a companys survey results to other companies. Comparisons for the same organization or unit over time with a trended survey are also valuable to measure progress. At the same time, comparisons must be done with professional care, taking into account measurement issues (Cascio, 1986). This is one of the major areas of practitioner misinterpretation in our experience. Ethical Issues The research has not come across with any evidence of unethical activities such as unfair practices, discrimination, corruption and others, involve in the expatriates strategy and remuneration. However, could be considered as an issue that in the FedEx information could be go to next hand. Research limitations The framework remains to be tested longitudinally with a large sample of senior managers. Given the lack of empirical work to support an expressed link between design and outcome to maximise effect, a mixed methodology examining both approach and rationale would be essential. References Rees (1991).